Compare and contrast at least two types of industrialization strategy Coursework

Compare and contrast at least two types of industrialization strategy - Coursework Example Further more, it will explain the advantages of the strategies and how different countries have used them to ensure that they are doing well economically. At the end of it all, it will give a clear picture to which strategy can work best for countries thus the comparison of the two strategies. Industrialisation is a process that allows people within a society to change their social and economic status. Industrialisation is a great contributor to modernisation of an area. People go through changes like better and stronger buildings, more intensified machines for processing things, better technology, and large scale production of energy like electricity and better communication and transportation channels. It is also a major contributor to cultural changes that is, with industrialisation, many people change how they view and do things. Their attitudes change completely. Industrialisation comes in with the influence of politics, skilled labour and large scale production with low costs. Industrialization is a major contributor to the economic welfare of a country. Thus many economists attribute economic success to good industrialisation processes1. There are two main industrialization strategies that can be discussed and have been used by many countries to uplift their econom ic status. The ISI strategy is also known as the import substitution industrialisation while, the EOI strategy that is also known as export-oriented industrialization1. Import substitution is an economic strategy that involves a country coming up with trade policies. It is the attempt a country makes to ensure that it produces its own materials instead of importing. It tries to copy how other countries are producing certain goods and products thus start its own production within the country. It involves a lot of government spending in producing the goods. It requires acquiring the

Global Leaders Essay Example for Free

Global Leaders Essay For my essay I chose Nicolas Sarkozy, who is the President of the French Republic. I would describe Nicolas Sarkozy’s leadership style as visionary, affiliative, commanding and pacesetting. Nicolas Sarkozy has a reputation as being â€Å"confident and fast-paced† and â€Å"aggressive†. I would consider Mr. Sarkozy as a visionary on the fact that he was once a lawyer and is close to his people. Mr. Sarkozy inspires people with his vision and reforms. Mr. Sarkozy is affiliative by boosting morale during the economies downturn by saving the French company Alstom. Mr. Sarkozy would be considered commanding and pacesetting on the bases that he is very focus driven and has high standards that he expects to be done when he wants them done. I chose to compare U. S. President Barack Obama to French Republic President Nicolas Sarkozy. I would consider President Obama as the â€Å"new school† style of leadership as opposed to President Sarkozy’s â€Å"old school† style of leadership. I would describe Mr. Obama’s leadership as visionary, coaching, democratic. Mr. Obama and Mr. Sarkozy leadership styles defer in that President Obama is not an aggressive leader but instead puts more effort into the visionary, coaching, and democratic approach to get the people’s value and support. While President Sarkozy has a more my way or the highway approach and more effort is put towards the affiliative, pacesetting and commanding leadership style. Both Presidents have a common style of being visionaries; they spend time in inspiring their people on the course that should be taken.

Qualitative Study of Experienced Nurses Voluntary Turnover

Qualitative Study of Experienced Nurses Voluntary Turnover Title Hayward,D., Bungay,V., Wolff,A.C. Macdonald,V. (2016). A qualitative study of experienced nurses voluntary turnover: learning from their perspectives. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 25, 1336-1345. doi: 10.1111/jocn.13210 Introduction Issues of nursing turnover has been a perpetual challenge for healthcare industry. Furthermore, resignation of experienced nurses causes critical declination in standard of care and reduces desirable nursing outcome. In fact, crisis of staffing shortages often occur during the transitional period while an experienced nurse left while at that same time a newly recruited staff is undergoing orientation and training. In the first place, employment of new staff incurs significant high cost to the society and health care organization. The aim of this qualitative, interpretive descriptive study is to explore the reasons that caused resignation of experienced nurses. In this cross sectional qualitative study, 12 purposive selected participants took part in individual face to face interview. The sample included 8 full time and 4 part time nurses. Thornes (2009) interpretative descriptive design was used for data collection and analysis. Hayward et al found that work environment and personal reason caused nurses to leave. Sample will be the element chosen for discussion. The sample Purposive sampling method is employed for the specific information that one has to offer due to the personal experience (Patton, 2005). This method of sampling is deployed deliberately to recruit the particular individuals because of the crucial information they can give (Carpenter Suto, 2008). Guarte et al. (2007) stated that purposive sampling is the selection of population that provides most information on the subject of interest. Similarly, Liamputtong (2013) believes that qualitative study depends on information rich individuals who have in-depth understanding of the discussed topic due to their experiences. Selecting members of the participants with a purpose enable researchers to focus on the issues that need to be explored extensively. Furthermore, qualitative research is mainly about the lived experiences of people, owing to this phenomena researcher sample for meaning and not frequency. Since qualitative study aims to explore meanings that an individual experience, the fin ding is not general (Hesse-Biber Leavy, 2011). Likewise, in the research that examines how nurses cope with nursing workload nursing critically ill patients, researchers will recruit nurses with experiences working in intensive care unit. Alternatively, qualitative researchers may use convenience and snowball sample which is efficient but does not necessary provide most information rich sources (Polit Beck, 2014). On the other hand, Jansses et al. (2015) stated that some studies concluded that purposive sample may develop representative samples whereas a random sample avoid biases. Even so, purposive sampling seems as the main approach in qualitative study as the criterion based participants has the characteristics enabling exploration of their experience related to the study (Ritchie et al., 2014). In this study, there were 12 participants recruited while a smaller sample size can be considered since this is a qualitative study. Sandelowski (1995) maintained that qualitative sample of 10 may be a sufficient number for sampling among the homogeneous population. In fact, qualitative research focuses on the importance of breadth and depth to thoroughly address the relevant research questions. Hence, the approach centered around meaning and feeling of the studies thus not intended to create a representative samples. In the year 2012, Dworkin stated that qualitative research requires in-depth understanding of phenomenon, concentrate on the meaning and reasons behind the stories pertaining to social issues. On the contrary, Polit and Beck (2014) commented that qualitative research sample size is guided by principle of data saturation and may need a larger sample. Research conducted by Bertrand (2012) was an example used to explain this situation where the interview continued while sa mple size was thought to have achieved data saturation, a participant told the story that was never been shared before. Theoretically, careful and meaningful selection of participants in small number is appropriate for qualitative study. Ideally, the participants will provide details and range of information that answer the questions probe by researcher. Hence, it is possible for a sample size of less than 10 participants to achieve data saturation. Interestingly, Morse (2008) pointed out that quality of data is influenced by the skill of interviewer and affect the required sample size in achieving saturation. Mason (2010) added that 10 interviews conducted by an experienced interviewer can obtain more information than an inexperienced interviewer who have more interviews. Having one single case as sample can be meaningful and extremely informative as seen in the studies from management and medical research (Boddy, 2016). Since the selection of sample is vital to the outcome of qualitative study, the sample inclusion of part time nurses and nurses who worked in different role and position will likely to have opinions highly objective to their varied work situation. For instance, nurses employment decisions are contributed by work hour, job function and salary. Full time employees are perceived to shoulder on extra responsibilities due to their participation in the other improvement plan of the organization. In addition to that, full time workers remain busy performing routine nursing duty as their part time counterpart (Janssona Engstromb, 2017). Commitment and job satisfactions are major predictor of staff turnover (Satoh et al. 2016) Generally, part time nurses are perceived to be less committed due to shorter work hour as compare to full time nurses (Katz Kahn, 1979). In year 2009, Han et al. reported that full time nurses attained more job satisfaction, commitment and empowerment than part time nurses. Having said that, there were many studies (e.g. Eberhardt et al. 1984; Jackofsky et al. 1987; Logan et al. 1973; McGinnis et al. 1990; Miller et al. 1979; Shockey et al. 1994; Sinclair et al. 1999; Steffy et al. 1990; Still, 1983; Vecchio, 1984; Wetzel, Soloshy et al. 1990; Wotruba, 1990) which examined the variance of work attitudes, commitment, job satisfaction and turnover intention between part time and full time employee throughout two decades but the outcomes were inconclusive and inconsistent. Similar levels of job satisfaction and organizational commitment were reported among part time and full time employees (Thorsteinson, 2003). Conclusion In qualitative research, the sampling plan must achieve its mean to be adequate and appropriate. In order to achieve the goal, selected individual must have total understanding of the subject under study and in return supply full information. In brief, the study can be effective using smaller number of participants if researcher can apply good skill with the right inclusion and exclusion criteria. References Boddy, C.R. (2016). Sample size for qualitative research. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, 19(4), 426-432. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/QMR-06-2016-0053 Dworkin,S.L. (2012). Sample size policy for qualitative studies using in-depth interviews. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 41(6), 1319-1320. doi: 10.1007/s10508-012-0016-6 Eberhardt, B. J. Shani, A. B. (1984). The effects of full-time versus part-time employment status on attitudes toward specific organizational characteristics and overall job satisfaction. Academy of Management Journal, 27, 893-900. Guarte, J.M. Barrios,E.B. (2007). Estimation under purposive sampling. Communications in Statistics-Simulation and Computation, 35(2), 277-284. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03610910600591610 Hammell, K.W. Carpenter, C. (2004). Qualitative research in evidence-based rehabilitation. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. Han, S.H., Moon, S.J. Yun, E.K. (2009). Empowerment, job satisfaction and organizational commitment: comparison of permanent and temporary nurses in Korea. Applied Nursing Research, 22, 15-20. Hesse-Biber, S.N. Leavy, P. (2010). The practice of qualitative research. (2nd ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. Jackofsky, E. F. Peters, L. H. (1987). Part-time and full-time employment status differences: A replication and extension. Journal of Occupational Behavior, 8, 1-9. Janssona, A.B. Engstromb, A. (2017). Working together: critical care nurses experiences of temporary staffing within Swedish health care: a qualitative study. Intensive and Critical Care Nursing. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2016.08.010 Katz, D. Kahn, R. L. (1979). The social psychology of organizations. New York: Wiley. Liamputtong, P. (2013). The science of words and the science of numbers: research methods as foundations for evidence-based practice in health. In P. Liamputtong (Ed.), Research Methods in Health: Foundations for Evidence-Based Practice. (pp. 3-23). Melbourne: Oxford University Press Australia and New Zealand. Logan, N.OReilly, C.A. Roberts, K.H. (1973). Job satisfaction among part-time and full-time employees. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 3, 33-41. Mason, M. (2010). Sample size and saturation in PhD studies using qualitative interviews. Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 11(3), Article 8. Retrieved from http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs100387 McGinnis, S.K. Morrow, P.C. (1990). Job attitudes among full- and part-time employees. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 36, 82-96. Miller, H.E. Terborg, J.R. (1979). Job attitudes of part-time and full-time employees. Journal of Applied Psychology, 64, 380-386. Morse, J.M. (2008). Styles of collaboration in qualitative inquiry. Qualitative Health Research, 18(1), 3-4. Patton, M.Q. (1990). Qualitative evaluation and research methods. (2nd ed.). California: SAGE. Polit, D.F. Beck C.T. (2014). Essentials of nursing research: appraising evidence for nursing practice. (8nd ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health, Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Ritchie, J., Lewis, J., Elam, G., Tennant, R. Rahim, N. (2014). Designing and selecting samples. In Ritchie, J, Lewis, J., Nicholls, C.M. Ormston, R. (Eds.), Qualitative research practice: A guide for social science students and researchers. (pp.113). Los Angeles: SAGE. Sandelowski, M. (1995). Sample size in qualitative research. Research in Nursing Health, 18(2), 179-183. Satoh, M., Watanabe, I. Asakura, K. (2016). Occupational commitment and job satisfaction mediate effort-reward imbalance and the intention to continue nursing. Japan Journal of Nursing Science, 14(1), 49-60. doi: 10.1111/jjns.12135 Shockey, M.L. Mueller, C.W. (1994). At-entry differences in part-time and full-time employees. Journal of Business and Psychology, 8, 355-364. Sinclair, R.R., Martin, J.E. Michel, R.P. (1999). Full-time and part-time subgroup differences in job attitudes and demographic characteristics. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 55, 337-357. Steffy, B.D., Jones, J.W. (1990). Differences between full-time and part-time employees in perceived role strain and work satisfaction. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 11, 321-329. Still, L.V. (1983). Part-time versus full-time salespeople: Individual attributes, organizational commitment and work attitudes. Journal of Retailing, 59, 55-79. Thorsteinson, T.J. (2003) Job attitudes of part-time vs. full-time workers: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 76, 151-177. Van Hoeven, L.R., Janssen, M.P., Roes, K.C.B. Koffijberg, H. (2015). Aiming for a representative sample: Simulating random versus purposive strategies for hospital selection. Biomed Central Medical Research Methodology, 15(90), 1-9. Retrieved from https://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12874-015-0089-8 Vecchio, R.P. (1984). Demographic and attitudinal differences between part-time and full-time employees. Journal of Occupational Behaviour, 5, 213-218. Wetzel, K., Soloshy, D.E. Gallagher, D.G. (1990). The work attitudes of full-time and part-time registered nurses. Health Care Management Review, 15, 79-85. Wotruba, T.R. (1990). Full-time versus part-time salespeople: A comparison on job satisfaction, performance, and turnover in direct selling. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 7, 97-108.

Electrical :: essays research papers

Bailiff: All rise, the honorable Judge James Means presiding over the case of Brown vs. Rowe. You may be seated. Judge: This is the case of a one Darius Brown versus Jason Rowe in a matter dealing with the harmful effects of Electrocovulusive Therapy. Councilmen, your opening statements please. Prosecutor: Electroconvulsive Therapy, also known as ECT, is an appalling, not to mention, harmful practice used in mental treatment. This practice is not safe and it does not improve the patient’s condition. My client, having experienced these treatments will testify against this unethical practice. Brandie: Your Honor and ladies and gentlemen of the jury. My client Psychiatrist Rowe is being put on ‘[ trial for his practices of ECT. ECT has been incorporated for many years. It is one of the safest medical procedures involving regular anesthesia and its effectiveness has been proven beyond doubt. Judge: Prosecution, you may call your witness. Prosecutor: Your Honor, I call Darius Brown to the stand. Judge: Do you swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth so help you god? Darius: I do. Prosecutor: Isn’t it true that you had to undergo treatments of ECT? Darius: Yes and it was bad. They shocked me and I started shaking. Prosecutor: Were there any adverse effects after you received ECT? Darius: Yes, its brain damaging. I often have trouble remembering and sometimes I get headaches. Prosecutor: So what you’re saying is, that ECT is harmful? Darius: Yes Brandie: Objection, Prosecutor is leading the witness! Judge: Sustained, the jury will disregard Mr. Brown’s last statement. Prosecutor: Did ECT improve your medical condition? Darius: Yes, but only to a small extent and only after altering my brain. Prosecutor: Thank you, Sir. Judge: Your witness, Ms. Cohen. Brandie: Mr. Brown, didn’t you just testify that your condition was improved? Darius: Yes Brandie: So how can you argue that it is not effective? As with any medication or surgical procedure, sure ECT has adverse effects. What is your major complaint? Darius: I can’t remember†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦oh, yes it’s memory disturbance. Brandie: So everything is fine? You can breathe, comprehend, and function normally. Perhaps even better than before your treatments. The only problem is a little memory complications? Nothing major right? Darius: I guess you could say that. Brandie: No further questions, your Honor. Judge: You may step down. The defense may call its witness. Brandie: Your Honor, I call Dr. Rowe to the stand. Judge: Do you swear to tell the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth so help you god?

Working in the Shadows Ch 4

Justin Falcone October 19,2012 Homework # 5 Chapter # 4 Journal In reading chapter 4 in working in the shadows we have seen that Gabriele is on his last week of training. Gabriele is giving the job to cut the four rows of lettuce that are in the path of the machine where the lettuce is stored in the boxes. Gabriele is realizing that 4 rows is a lot and his has to get them done. In this chapter you as the reader really realize all the courage, ambition and strength that Gabriel has. Gabriele has started cutting the lettuce the first day Gabriele couldn’t cut 25 heads before having to stand straight up and relax and stretch his back.Gabriele stayed strong and kept up with his cutting and as the days went up Gabriele has cut thousands of lettuce and was on his way to finish up his rows. In this chapter it tells us that Gabriele starts working with the rest of the group and tells us all the struggles that Gabriel is going threw. Between the aches and pains and the soreness, Gabrie l needs to stay strong, it really allows us as the reader to wonder how hard these immigrants are working. As Gabriele goes on with his workdays no matter how hard he is working he is getting yelled out to work harder even though he believes that he is keeping up with the rest of the workers.Something that caught my eye that I feel this chapter was manly about was the immigrant worker towards the American workers in the United States. On a Sunday morning Gabriel went to visit Mateo, and the comments Mateo where making for me as an American worker in the United States take it personal. Basically trying to say that Mexican and immigrant workers work much harder where they work in there country, and that us Americans only sit in offices and work on computers all day.Something that was left out in this chapter could have answered these comments for me and for Mateo that we as Americans work harder then these immigrants think we do. Gabriele could have given stories or even experiences h e had with working to back up us Americans. At least explain that the reason why immigrants get into the United States and take the labor jobs from many American workers is because immigrants allow the low pay and the extra hours of work, because it isn’t anything new for them.As seen in lettuce picking with the extra hours and the low pay, these immigrants don’t have a choice they need to take these jobs. Towards the end of the chapter Gabriele is explaining how hard this job is for him, one of the hardest and Gabriel has taking 2 days off to relax his body. This job I making Gabriele dream about it that how much he thinks about it and worries about going to work every day. After all in my eyes Gabriel realizes that this job is putting a number to him, but he will not quite, he will work threw pain and suffer no matter what.

Urban Planning Essay Proposal

PLANNING INITIATIVES’ GOALS AND DETROIT URBAN AGRICULTURE OUTCOMES: A COMPARISON Assignment #5: Reviewed Proposal Zoe Pearce, 6777341 To: Zahra Azizi Urbs 240 1 PLANNING INITIATIVES’ GOALS AND DETROIT URBAN AGRICULTURE OUTCOMES: A COMPARISON 2 This paper will examine the urban agriculture movement currently taking place in Detroit, Michigan and how it is having an effect on the city that the goals and motivations of historical planning initiatives strived to achieve.This paper will aim to shed light on why urban agriculture is an important and relevant new area to be studied and taken into consideration by governments and city planners for the betterment of future cities and the plans that will shape them. I will be utilizing the components of two styles of essay writing: compare and contrast; and categorize and explain.I will be comparing the desired outcomes and motivations that drove historical planning initiatives (of which I will explain in more detail to follow) t o the actual outcomes and effects that citizen-initiated urban agriculture is having on the communities and individual citizens in Detroit. I will ‘categorize’ by assigning each body paragraph a historical movement and explain each ones’ goals, then compare these to the outcomes witnessed in Detroit.This comparison reveals that the goals of famous and major historical planning initiatives are being fulfilled by the means of the movement of UA in Detroit, planners should use the findings of Detroit as a tool to understand how they can replicate it in other plans to stimulate similar results. I will begin by developing the contextual reasons for the movement in Detroit and stating facts gathered through research. This will include the population and job losses that occurred due to the decline of the car industry and how the led to the state the city is now in.I will then introduce what exactly is happening in Detroit in terms of urban agriculture (UA). This will le ad PLANNING INITIATIVES’ GOALS AND DETROIT URBAN AGRICULTURE OUTCOMES: A COMPARISON 3 to the description of positive effects it is having on the citizens and communities. These include: health benefits, educational benefits, raising morale, job creation, self empowerment, safety, efficient use of space (Thibert, 2012).Many of these interrelate with each other, so I will be creating broader categories into which they will fit. Each category will be discussed individually in each body paragraph, but the later paragraphs will also draw conclusions that incorporate effects from earlier paragraphs – because many of the effects are interrelated. I have not decided exactly the order in which I will introduce the ideas, but knowing my own writing method, it will come together in the writing process. Cutting and pasting will surely be necessary.The historical planning initiatives I will be examining are as follows: City Beautiful, motivated by citizens at the individual level t o create healthy neighborhoods and happy citizens; Parks and Playground, motivated by getting children off the streets and into safer areas; Garden City, one of the various goals being earning revenue by efficiently placing agricultural work ‘close to the front doors’ of the workers; Henri Saint-Simon, who wanted to improve morale to create better societies (Booth, 1871; Howard, 1902; McArthur, 1975; Peterson, 2003).I will emphasize that the key points to be taken from my paper are not the means of how the initiatives were (intended to be) implemented, but the goals of why the initiative was created. I will conclude my paper by recapping my main arguments, and also stating the relevance of my findings. UA in Detroit is creating healthy, happier and safer communities and neighborhoods. This should be analyzed by city policy makers and urban planners to learn how this is happening and why so these positive effects can be replicated elsewhere in future plans.Lastly, I will mention the implications of this paper by mentioning the new attitude towards food PLANNING INITIATIVES’ GOALS AND DETROIT URBAN AGRICULTURE OUTCOMES: A COMPARISON 4 and food culture that is being developed in Detroit, and that if it could be replicated elsewhere in the United States, it could have larger scale positive effects on the crisis of obesity. I began my research by exploring the Concordia Clues dada base, the e-journals Urban History, Planning Perspectives and the database Jstor. Initially I was only looking for information on urban agriculture in Detroit.It was difficult to find articles on this topic, so I watched the documentary ‘Urban Roots'. This gave me an understanding of the effects average citizens involved in UA felt. The academic quality of this source is not as important, because the information I will be taking from this source is not objective, rather it is subjective, qualitative opinions. I then spoke to the professor, Catherine Vandermeulen about my issues finding academic sources; she advised me about an excellent paper written by a PhD student and professional Urban Planner, Joel Thibert.His paper explained that the discipline of UA in North America is new and there is little literature on it. His paper is also based on interviews he personally conducted with citizens involved with UA and their opinions, so between the academic source and the documentary, I had found enough information for which to base my UA portion of the paper. Next I had to find the historical references. I already knew which concepts I wanted to discuss because of learning about them within the previous 2 months in the class this paper is to be submitted for.I used the same means of internet searching as I did for the initial Detroit search. I read through multiple articles on each movement until I found ones that thoroughly discussed the motivations and goals of the movements, and had the potential to be quoted. I made sure they came of reputab le sources. I knew already I would be using the actual text written by Ebenezer Howard, so I simply had to find that, which I did via Google Scholar. I PLANNING INITIATIVES’ GOALS AND DETROIT URBAN AGRICULTURE OUTCOMES: A COMPARISON ound a biography on Henri Saint-Simon which is extremely in depth about his entire life, published by a reputable publisher. The specific sources chosen can be found in the reference section below. More detail on all of my sources can be found in my annotated bibliography. 5 PLANNING INITIATIVES’ GOALS AND DETROIT URBAN AGRICULTURE OUTCOMES: A COMPARISON References Booth, J. A. (1871). Saint-Simon and Saint-Simonism: A chapter in the history of socialism in France. London, England: Longmans, Green, Reader, and Dyer. Howard, E. (1902). Garden cities of to-morrow (pp. 9-29). Retrieved from openlibrary. rg/ books/OL20551099M/Garden_Cities_of_Tomorrow. McArthur, B. (1975). The Chicago playground movement: A neglected feature of social justice. Social Service Review, 49(3), 376-395. Peterson, J. A. (2003). The birth of city planning in the United States,1840-1917 (pp. 98-122). Balitmore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. Retrieved from http://ohdl. handle. net. mercury. concordia. ca/2027/heb. 05838. 0001. 001. Thibert, J. (2012). Making local planing work for urban agriculture in the North American context: A view from the ground. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 32(3), 349-357. 6